Why Do Innocent People Confess To Crimes They Didn't Commit?
They're Being Tortured
Photo: via ReprieveOne of the biggest arguments against torture - besides the fact that it's inhumane - is that the information and confessions received during torture are often unreliable or untrue. For example, Mohamed Ramadan, a police officer at Bahrain International Airport, was arrested in 2014 under suspicion of attacking other officers. He was innocent, but was tortured until he made a false confession. The torturers even admitted that they knew he was innocent, but they were angry with him for attending pro-democracy rallies.
Ramadan was convicted, and is sentenced to be executed.
They Have Internalized Guilt
Photo: George Self / flickr / CC-BY-NC 2.0Sometimes, an innocent individual can become so convinced of their own guilt that they actually believe they committed a crime.
Peter Reilly discovered this firsthand when he found his mother dead in their home in 1973. He was brought in by the police, who told him he had failed a lie detector test (he hadn't). Between that lie, and hours of questioning, investigators essentially bullied him into believing that he had killed his mother. He even wrote a confession, saying, "I remember slashing once at my mother’s throat with a straight razor I used for model airplanes."
Reilly was eventually exonerated - but only after he spent time in prison for a crime he didn't commit.
They Misunderstand The Consequences
Photo: via YoutubeSometimes, confessing is presented by the authorities as the easy way out. Stefan Kiszko was accused of the brutal murder of a young girl, Lesley Molseed, in 1975. He was told there were two options: if he confessed, he would be eligible for parole; if he didn't, then he would spend the rest of his life behind bars. So, he confessed, knowing that his confession was false. Kiszko assumed that the police would look into his story, find out it wasn't true, and let him go.
They didn't. Despite recanting as soon as he was given a lawyer, Kiszko spent 16 years in prison for a crime he didn't commit.
They're Being Beaten
Photo: via YoutubeIn 1934, three black farmers, Arthur Ellington, Ed Brown, and Henry Shields, were accused of murdering white planter Raymond Stuart. They had confessed to police, but only after an extremely violent interrogation that included brutal whippings. They were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, but appealed.
In the resulting landmark case Brown v Mississippi, the Supreme Court ruled that confessions obtained through violence undermined the right to due process. The men's sentences were reversed, though they ended up serving time for manslaughter.
They're Forced Into Compliance
Photo: via YoutubeAfter 14 to 30 hours of interrogation, you'd probably confess, too. That's exactly what happened to the Central Park Five. Raymond Santana, Kevin Richardson, Antron McCray, Yusef Salaam, and Kharey Wise confessed to the rape of a female jogger in Central Park in 1989. They later recanted their stories, saying that they had only confessed because they were worn down and forced to by the police. In fact, a serial rapist was later found guilty of the crime with the help of DNA. The wrongfully imprisoned men received a $41 million settlement because of their treatment.
They're Faced With A Harsh Sentence
Photo: Relic Photo / flickr / CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0Plea bargains can tempt false confessions. In 1990, Michael Phillips was misidentified in a photo line up for the rape of a 16-year-old girl. But because he was black and the victim was white, he worried that a jury wouldn't believe his innocence. Rather than risk a longer sentence, he plead guilty and received 12 years in prison. Phillips ended up serving 24: he was finally exonerated when another man's semen was matched to the rape kit in 2014.
They Want The Fame
Photo: BuzzFeedBlue / via YouTubeSome cases really catch the public eye, and that makes them magnets for false confessions. Maybe people want to become famous for being associated with the crime, or perhaps they're just obsessed.
Whatever the reason, crimes like the infamous Black Dalia murder in 1947 led to multiple false confessions. One of the men who confessed, Daniel S. Voorhees, insisted he was guilty of the murder. But his story fell flat when he couldn't pick the victim, Elizabeth Short, out of a lineup of photographs.
They're Just Too Young
Photo: Stein3x / flickr / CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0Children are sometimes put in incredibly tense situations, and they don't always understand the consequences. When 16-year-old Felix was brought in for the 2005 shooting of Antonio Ramirez and questioned without a lawyer, he slowly went along with interrogators. He picked up pieces of what they said had happened and used them in his confession, even claiming to have left the gun at his grandfather's (though he didn't have a living grandfather).
Studies have shown that children are more likely to give false confessions than adults. They are also more likely to think that going along with the interrogators will lead to them getting released, while maintaining innocence and disagreeing will lead to them getting jailed.
Someone They Love Is Threatened
Some people will go much farther to protect their loved ones than they will to protect themselves. The show trials conducted in the USSR under Stalin included many false confessions. Some were obtained through violence, but others involved threats against the families of those involved. Authorities would say that they were just as guilty as the accused individuals, and could also be executed. Many people confessed to save their families from that fate.
They're Mentally Handicapped
Photo: via YoutubeFloyd Brown spent 14 years paying for a murder he didn't commit. Why? In part, because of a lengthy confession he supposedly had written, detailing how he had killed an 80-year-old woman in 1993. But his lawyers maintained that he has the mental capacity of a seven-year-old, and was only able to speak in two or three word phrases. He was put in a mental hospital to await trail, but was left in purgatory for over a decade before he was released.
The mentally handicapped have been shown to be vulnerable to producing false confessions.
They're Under The Influence
Photo: Simon Willison / flickr / CC-BY-NC 2.0False confessions are more likely to happen when someone is drunk or under the influence of drugs. But in many cases, being drunk alone won't get you off the hook - or get the confession thrown out.
